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Grade 5

(5.5) Science concepts. The student knows that a system is a collection of cycles, structures, and processes that interact.

The student is expected to:

1. describe some cycles, structures, and processes that are found in a simple system; and
2. describe some interactions that occur in a simple system.

(5.6) Science concepts. The student knows that some change occurs in cycles.

The student is expected to:

1. identify events and describe changes that occur on a regular basis such as in daily, weekly, lunar, and seasonal cycles;
2. identify the significance of the water, carbon, and nitrogen cycles; and
3. describe and compare life cycles of plants and animals.

(5.7) Science concepts. The student knows that matter has physical properties.

The student is expected to:

1. classify matter based on its physical properties including magnetism, physical state, and the ability to conduct or insulate heat, electricity, and sound;
2. demonstrate that some mixtures maintain the physical properties of their ingredients;
3. identify changes that can occur in the physical properties of the ingredients of solutions such as dissolving sugar in water; and
4. observe and measure characteristic properties of substances that remain constant such as boiling points and melting points.

(5.8) Science concepts. The student knows that energy occurs in many forms.

The student is expected to:

1. differentiate among forms of energy including light, heat, electrical, and solar energy;
2. identify and demonstrate everyday examples of how light is reflected, such as from tinted windows, and refracted, such as in cameras, telescopes, and eyeglasses;
3. demonstrate that electricity can flow in a circuit and can produce heat, light, sound, and magnetic effects; and
4. verify that vibrating an object can produce sound.

Grade 6

(6.6) Science concepts. The student knows that there is a relationship between force and motion.

The student is expected to:

1. identify and describe the changes in position, direction of motion, and speed of an object when acted upon by force;
2. demonstrate that changes in motion can be measured and graphically represented; and
3. identify forces that shape features of the Earth including uplifting, movement of water, and volcanic activity.

(6.7) Science concepts. The student knows that substances have physical and chemical properties.

The student is expected to:

1. demonstrate that new substances can be made when two or more substances are chemically combined and compare the properties of the new substances to the original substances; and
2. classify substances by their physical and chemical properties.

(6.8) Science concepts. The student knows that complex interactions occur between matter and energy.

The student is expected to:

1. define matter and energy;
2. explain and illustrate the interactions between matter and energy in the water cycle and in the decay of biomass such as in a compost bin; and
3. describe energy flow in living systems including food chains and food webs.

(6.9) Science concepts. The student knows that obtaining, transforming, and distributing energy affects the environment.

The student is expected to:

1. identify energy transformations occurring during the production of energy for human use such as electrical energy to heat energy or heat energy to electrical energy;
2. compare methods used for transforming energy in devices such as water heaters, cooling systems, or hydroelectric and wind power plants; and
3. research and describe energy types from their source to their use and determine if the type is renewable, non-renewable, or inexhaustible.

Grade 7

(7.6) Science concepts. The student knows that there is a relationship between force and motion.

The student is expected to:

1. demonstrate basic relationships between force and motion using simple machines including pulleys and levers;
2. demonstrate that an object will remain at rest or move at a constant speed and in a straight line if it is not being subjected to an unbalanced force; and
3. relate forces to basic processes in living organisms including the flow of blood and the emergence of seedlings.

(7.7) Science concepts. The student knows that substances have physical and chemical properties.

The student is expected to:

1. identify and demonstrate everyday examples of chemical phenomena such as rusting and tarnishing of metals and burning of wood;
2. describe physical properties of elements and identify how they are used to position an element on the periodic table; and
3. recognize that compounds are composed of elements.

(7.8) Science concepts. The student knows that complex interactions occur between matter and energy.

The student is expected to:

1. illustrate examples of potential and kinetic energy in everyday life such as objects at rest, movement of geologic faults, and falling water; and
2. identify that radiant energy from the Sun is transferred into chemical energy through the process of photosynthesis.

Grade 8

(8.7) Science concepts. The student knows that there is a relationship between force and motion.

The student is expected to:

1. demonstrate how unbalanced forces cause changes in the speed or direction of an object's motion; and
2. recognize that waves are generated and can travel through different media.

(8.8) Science concepts. The student knows that matter is composed of atoms.

The student is expected to:

1. describe the structure and parts of an atom; and
2. identify the properties of an atom including mass and electrical charge.

(8.9) Science concepts. The student knows that substances have chemical and physical properties.

The student is expected to:

1. demonstrate that substances may react chemically to form new substances;
2. interpret information on the periodic table to understand that physical properties are used to group elements;
3. recognize the importance of formulas and equations to express what happens in a chemical reaction; and
4. identify that physical and chemical properties influence the development and application of everyday materials such as cooking surfaces, insulation, adhesives, and plastics.

(8.10) Science concepts. The student knows that complex interactions occur between matter and energy.

The student is expected to:

1. illustrate interactions between matter and energy including specific heat;
2. describe interactions among solar, weather, and ocean systems; and
3. identify and demonstrate that loss or gain of heat energy occurs during exothermic and endothermic chemical reactions.